This paper by IRC's Re:BUiLD team, co-authored with the Center for Global Development (CGD), is based on a reading of secondary literature, clarification interviews with key stakeholders, and Re:BUiLD’s experience delivering services to urban refugees. It begins by outlining the displacement situation in Kampala and Nairobi. It then describes three specific challenges faced by refugees in these cities: (1) access to essential services such as healthcare, education, and business support without recognised documentation (2) access to decent housing, given the high cost of housing in urban areas, a lack of official documentation, and discrimination and xenophobia; and (3) access to social and professional networks. These sections also provide best practice examples from other displacement contexts. It then explores how donors already support these refugees, including highlighting specific notable projects. The paper ends with recommendations for how donors and MDBs can best support urban refugees.