This policy brief provides insights into the socio-economic profile of Malian refugees who have arrived in Mauritania since 2023, supporting the government's efforts to integrate refugees into national services. It details data sources, methodology, and socio-economic characteristics, including demographics, household composition, timing of displacement, living conditions, and assets, with a focus on livestock due to its regional economic significance. Since 2012, Mauritania has upheld an open-door policy for Malian refugees. By July 2024, an estimated 233,240 Malian refugees and asylum seekers were residing in both urban and rural areas. At the Global Refugee Forum (GRF) in 2019 and again in 2023, Mauritania pledged to enhance refugee inclusion in the labor market, health and education systems, social protection, and documentation. Mauritania also committed to transforming Mbera refugee camp into a sustainable settlement and receives World Bank support for refugee inclusion across sectors.