The paper discusses the growing interest in using social protection to address climate-related vulnerabilities and strengthen resilience, particularly in conflict-affected settings. It examines the Productive Safety Net Programme in Ethiopia, highlighting that while social assistance offers a protective function, it falls short of reducing long-term vulnerabilities, especially in settings characterised by multidimensional and enduring stressors and shocks. The assistance provided is often inadequate, leaving recipients to rely on their own resources. The paper emphasises that improving livelihoods is possible with additional resources, consistent funding to fulfil programme functions, integration with complementary sectors and effective public services, alongside measures to ensure peace and stability.