In Afghanistan’s complex protection context, characterized by continued returns, ongoing displacement, economic hardship, and sustained protection risks, Community-Based Protection Monitoring (CBPM) plays a central role in informing protection analysis and response. CBPM enables UNHCR and partners to systematically collect community reported information on protection risks, vulnerabilities, and coping mechanisms affecting returnees, internally displaced persons, and host communities. By generating regular, area specific evidence, CBPM supports the identification of priority protection concerns, facilitates the monitoring of protection trends over time, and informs UNHCR programming, coordination, and advocacy efforts. The analysis presented in this report is based on data collected through UNHCR’s CBPM tools, including household-level surveys, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions.